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Kaolinite goes back to ancient pottery pieces from China, where craftspeople used its unique fine texture for carving intricate patterns and shaping sturdy porcelain. Over centuries, the world recognized kaolinite’s value far beyond ceramics. In the late 19th century, pharmaceutical pioneers started exploring naturally occurring white clays for their gentle texture and high purity, aiming to find a safe excipient for tablets and topical creams. They found kaolinite stood out for its consistent composition and low contamination risk—qualities essential for medicinal products. With the advance of industrial purification processes in the twentieth century, both British and continental pharmacopeias developed strict standards, listing it under BP, EP, and later, USP grades. Regulators have tightened controls ever since, ensuring consistent quality as pharmaceutical applications grew. This journey from pottery wheels to cleanroom facilities highlights how a humble mineral earned its place in the foundation of modern medicine manufacturing.
Pharma grade kaolinite is more than just a white powder. It’s produced under tight controls that separate it from clays destined for tiles or paper. The defining attributes—fine particle size, near-complete absence of heavy metals, and minimal quartz contamination—shape its use in medicine. Unlike food-grade kaolin, pharma grade varieties carry robust documentation, batch-to-batch traceability, and compliance certificates that reassure both manufacturers and regulators. Drug makers use this clay as an inert base for bulk laxatives, as a tablet excipient, and even a thickener in topical creams. These products require uniformity in moisture content, careful control of pH, and confirmed microbiological purity—criteria the kaolinite meets only after rigorous processing and testing. Over years working in analytical labs, I’ve seen how margins for error shrink on pharmaceutical lines: one inconsistent shipment could delay a production batch or fail a release test, making predictable sourcing a top concern.
Pure kaolinite comes as a soft, white, odorless, tasteless powder, composed mainly of hydrous aluminum silicate with the formula Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄. The platelet-shaped crystals stack in thin layers—sometimes called “books”—easily seen under scanning electron microscopy. This structure gives the mineral its signature smooth feel. Particle size for pharma grades falls within tight limits, generally around 2 to 10 microns. Surface area, measured in square meters per gram, remains high, supporting its ability to absorb liquids. Chemically, kaolinite barely reacts unless forced in lab conditions. It won’t dissolve in water, acid, or alkaline solutions at room temperature. Heavy metals, as per regulatory standards, must come in below strict thresholds, and loss on ignition remains low, signaling absence of organic residues. Color standards—measured via reflectance—guard against iron staining, since color consistency truly matters for consumer trust and accurate tablet identification during quality checks.
Drug companies and excipient suppliers must check every delivery against official monographs. These require each batch to hit targets on total ash (sub-10%), pH (between 4.5 and 7.5 as a 10% dispersion), particle size (often above 98% passing 44 μm), and nearly undetectable levels of arsenic, lead, and mercury. Water soluble material remains negligible, usually under 0.5%. Heavy metals get tested with atomic absorption or ICP-MS, avoiding false negatives that plagued earlier colorimetric methods. Moisture, which triggers both clumping and potential microbial growth, gets checked by Karl Fischer titration. Each drum, bag, or container must carry not just the product name and grade, but also batch code, manufacturer information, storage instructions, retest date, and a certificate of analysis. As a former warehouse auditor, I’ve caught plenty of misplaced or untraceable containers that could have risked out-of-spec drugs on pharmacy shelves—bottom-line, proper labeling is no minor clerical task.
Modern kaolinite production for pharma use blends several old-school mining methods with highly technical purification. Workers start by selecting a suitable deposit, usually deep-lying weathered granite with natural kaolinite seams free of iron or titanium oxide. Mining takes place with minimal blasting, often with simple excavation to avoid soil mixing. Crude kaolin gets slurried with water, then pumped through screens and hydrocyclones, separating coarse sand and mica. The next step involves either froth flotation or magnetic separation to pull out iron and other coloring oxides. Refined slurries undergo bleaching—sometimes with sodium hydrosulfite—to brighten color, followed by sedimentation and filtration for water removal. The solid filter cake dries in rotary kilns or flash dryers, then passes through pulverizers for final sizing. Each lot gets sealed and undergoes final testing: granulometry, chemical purity, moisture, and microbiology. The meticulous way each batch is handled keeps variability low and gives the industry confidence in every scoop used.
While stable under ordinary use, kaolinite shows some interesting chemistry in the lab. Calcination at 700–1000°C yields metakaolin, which has a more open, reactive structure. Acid treatment at these high temperatures can strip aluminum or silicon ions, changing its surface charge and absorption profile. Grinding or milling at high energy may also expose more reactive sites along crystal edges, though this rarely finds purpose in medicine because it can increase the risk of reactivity with drug APIs. More practical modifications include surface treatments with polyethylenimine or similar reagents to encourage or block adsorption of selected drugs. In the R&D world, formulators have experimented with compounding kaolinite with calcium carbonate or silica to tweak compressibility or flow. Despite these options, pharma manufacturers stick mostly to the pure, uncoated kaolinite for maximum predictability—and to keep regulatory approval straightforward.
Industry players know kaolinite by plenty of names. “Kaolin light,” “China clay,” and “pharmaceutical clay” all describe white, high-purity hydrous aluminum silicate, but only pharma grades pass GMP scrutiny. Official compendia label it as “Kaolinum Album” in European Pharmacopoeia and “Kaolin, Light” in British Pharmacopoeia. In North America, “USP Kaolin” or “Pharmaceutical grade kaolin” tend to top labels. Generics suppliers and excipient brokers sometimes call it “BP/EP/USP Kaolin” to reassure buyers their powder fits global standards. Drug master files from major producers may include trade brands—often a spin on “Pharma-Kaolin”—supported by batch files stretching back decades, easing international sales where consistency must be proven. In practice, folks on manufacturing floors ask for specific grades by trade name and documentation proof, rather than the mineral’s geology-based moniker.
Pharma-grade kaolinite stands among the safest excipients available, yet strict guidelines govern its handling. Dust is the main occupational concern. Inhalation of kaolin dust over many years can trigger mild pneumoconiosis—a lesson learned from ceramics and mining industries. As a result, engineering controls like dust extraction, proper ventilation, and mandatory respirator use during loading or sieving remain non-negotiable for onsite safety. GMP production requires regular surface wipe tests, environmental monitoring, and special packaging to prevent microbial growth and cross contamination. In my time overseeing excipient release testing, I saw how process deviations—like failed dust containment—could mean batch recalls or regulatory action. Compliance teams check every line in the safety data sheet: not just acute exposure limits but fire control measures (kaolinite itself doesn’t burn, but fine dust can block filters), storage away from oxidizers, and clear protocols for cleanup. Though risk is low, thorough procedures keep both staff and finished medicine out of harm’s way.
Kaolinite sees action across oral, topical, and sometimes veterinary medicines. In the digestive realm, it forms the base for old-school antidiarrheal suspensions, coating the intestinal mucosa. Oral rehydration packs sometimes include kaolinite alongside electrolytes to help bind toxins or excess bile. Tableting lines use it as a diluent and binder, especially for sensitive actives that can’t tolerate other excipients. Creams and pastes for skin ailments include kaolin for its absorbency and gentle texture. In toothpaste, the clay sometimes acts as a gentle abrasive. Beyond direct human use, animal health products—especially those treating digestive complaints in livestock—also incorporate this mineral for its gentle, well-understood safety record. Regulatory familiarity in Europe, North America, and Asia keeps the door open for wide-ranging branded and generic drugs utilizing this old but reliable ingredient.
Current research leans on improving kaolinite sourcing and purification, squeezing out the last traces of contaminants. Analytical labs now deploy advanced methods—XRF, XRD, and ICP-MS—to fingerprint each batch and rule out unscrupulous blending or mineral substitutions. Some pharma R&D teams look at new functional coatings, aiming to give kaolinite controlled-release properties or “smart” surface interactions with targeted drugs—not simple science, given the mineral’s inert character. Universities have run lab-scale trials blending kaolinite with plant-based polysaccharides, trying for biocompatible films or improved mucoadhesion. Another area involves nanotechnological applications, testing whether kaolinite’s layered structure can help load or deliver challenging molecules. My time consulting for a tablet manufacturer taught me there’s no appetite for risk on the shop floor, but academic groups face fewer barriers to pushing the boundaries, often publishing their negative as well as positive results to help steer industry’s future investments.
Countless safety studies over decades confirm kaolinite’s low toxicity—a rarity in the world of minerals. Acute oral exposure in animals shows very high tolerance; most of the powder passes through the gut unchanged, with no systemic absorption. Chronic inhalation studies, based on heavy occupational exposure, identify dust as an issue mainly for miners—not end-users—prompting strict airborne particle guidelines. In tissue culture and animal models, kaolinite doesn’t trigger inflammation, fibrosis, or mutagenesis at pharmaceutical levels. Occasional case reports of constipation exist where too much was ingested, mostly in overuse or mis-dosing scenarios. Researchers now probe for even subtler effects, like trace element absorption inhibition in malnourished children, but global regulatory bodies still give this excipient a broad stamp of approval, reflecting its near-spotless record in both preclinical and post-market surveillance. Reports to pharmacovigilance registries remain vanishingly rare for kaolinite-inclusive drugs.
Pharmaceutical kaolinite holds a steady place on the excipient roster, yet innovation stirs in the background. As drug formulations get more complex—think biologics, high-potency actives, or personalized medicine—pressure grows to prove every excipient’s micro-level performance. Producers are investing in even tighter controls over particle morphology, surface chemistry, and batch traceability, answering increasingly detailed audit questions from global regulators. Sustainable sourcing climbs the agenda, as environmental advocates examine quarry-to-patient supply chains for impact. Meanwhile, materials scientists tinker with functionalizing kaolinite for new drug delivery systems and wound-healing matrices—efforts that will need years of toxicology, stability, and regulatory work before hitting pharmacy shelves. The deep well of safety research gives kaolinite an edge as innovation steers drug manufacturing toward both old reliables and brave new chemistry. Having watched this field evolve, I expect kaolinite to remain a fixture in the medicine cabinet, shaped always by advances in purity, safety, and responsiveness to emerging therapies.
Kaolinite, a clay mineral, often gets overlooked, but the pharma grade version plays a major role in medicines people use every day. Not all kaolinite is the same. Quality standards like BP, EP, and USP indicate a version refined to meet high safety and purity benchmarks. These aren’t just set for show. Contaminants and unknowns have no place in anything that goes inside someone’s body.
Kaolinite shows up most often as an excipient—a word for “helper” ingredients in pills. It’s chosen for tablets because it works as a solid, neutral base. Some powders stick to each other, fail to blend, or can even react with the active ingredient. Kaolinite brings steadiness. Its fine texture holds together during compaction, making tablets break evenly yet stay solid when needed.
Diarrhea treatments have turned to kaolinite for decades. This clay binds to toxins and water in the gut. Its structure lets it “lock up” certain bacteria and waste products without getting absorbed itself. Doctors sometimes trust it for mild stomach upsets, especially for children or adults who can’t handle harsher synthetics. The World Health Organization has even listed kaolin mixtures on its Model List of Essential Medicines for child-friendly diarrhea care.
Checks for heavy metals and microbes make BP, EP, and USP grades different from industrial clays. Impurities hide in natural kaolins dug out of the ground. By following these tight standards, drug makers know they avoid things like arsenic or unwanted bacteria. I’ve seen cases where lack of attention to detail caused recalls; the solution was always better sourcing and tough oversight.
A few years ago, a global shortage of safe excipients led some companies to cut corners. Fake or low-grade clay ended up in medicines, putting people at risk. The lessons stuck: for something as widespread as kaolinite, trustworthy supply means everything.
Kaolinite shows up in topical creams and ointments. Its smooth, soothing feel helps with rashes and skin irritations. Dentists use it for impression pastes, too—it helps capture tiny details. It can act as a gentle abrasive or emulsifier in some oral care products. The trick lies in its mildness and non-reactivity; few minerals blend in quietly and still do their job.
Keeping standards high, and audits active, protects public health. Factories test each batch before using it in manufacturing, but oversight only works if every step stays transparent. Digital tracking of origin, automated testing, and international cooperation move safety efforts forward.
Kaolinite isn’t flashy. It never gets headlines, but without it, a lot of common medicines would fall apart—both literally and in terms of trust. That’s why close attention to grade, purity, and source secures not just tablets, but confidence in pharmacy shelves worldwide.
Kaolinite has carved out a long, practical place in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Used for its physical properties as much as its chemistry, this clay mineral fills, bulks, and stabilizes many everyday medicines. The terms BP, EP, and USP refer to British, European, and United States Pharmacopeia standards. If a batch bears these marks, it meets some of the toughest purity rules in global drug production. These standards don’t just look at what’s present—they demand what’s absent. Heavy metals, microbial loads, and even particle size get close scrutiny.
Cleanliness means everything where medicine is concerned. Kaolinite BP EP USP grades go through multiple processing steps. Out in nature, kaolinite often comes with quartz, iron, or organic matter, but these grades must be almost entirely free from those. Tests run batch after batch, checking not just for visible dirt, but for arsenic, lead, and other toxic elements. Tiny amounts of such contaminants, if left unchecked, can cause big trouble in long-term users, so regulators set their bar low.
Microbes introduce a quieter threat. Kaolinite can act as a host for bacteria unless thoroughly treated. Standards spell out how much, if any, microbial life gets tolerated. In my experience, labs often bake, wash, and sometimes irradiate clays to get to that standard. Certificates of analysis from trusted manufacturers matter here, offering a kind of “trust but verify” paper trail for pharmacists and health agencies.
Clay finds its way into old remedies and modern prescription pills alike. Still, not all kaolinites are equal. Reading through journals, there’s evidence going back decades showing that poorly processed clays can cause problem after problem—lung disease in miners, saturnism in cultures unknowingly dosing themselves with lead, bowel troubles when impurities build up. Each new mishap brings a regulatory crackdown and a call for better oversight.
Trusted pharmaceutical kaolinite, by contrast, leaves barely a trace. Properly purified, it won’t be absorbed in the gut, passing through without causing damage. Formulators trust its inert nature to deliver actives smoothly in everything from antacids to suspension syrups. The scientific journals confirm this, with reviews noting few side effects from well-made kaolinite, apart from the usual warnings about overuse (such as constipation in rare, heavy use cases).
The world of mineral supply still holds hidden risks. Slow updates to pharmacopeia standards, inconsistent quality checks in smaller factories, and supply chain disruptions all threaten to compromise purity. A few years ago, recalls hit the news as companies uncovered tainted lots coming from under-regulated sources. Industry and government both stepped up spot checks, and some buyers turned to only regionally audited suppliers.
Adopting stricter, routine third-party testing helps. So does direct investment in supplier oversight. Big pharma has begun to trace kaolinite’s origins more closely, making it harder for low-quality producers to slip through the cracks. Digital traceability and blockchain tech hint at future breakthroughs, but most progress comes from long, hands-on partnerships among chemists, suppliers, and regulators.
The question of kaolinite’s safety doesn’t rest on a single batch or certification. It grows out of a widespread, evidence-based system aimed at protecting public health. Pharmacists and manufacturers rely on transparency, on-the-ground QA, and honest communication with sources. In medicine, nothing replaces vigilance and thorough testing. Kaolinite BP EP USP stands up well when all these controls stay active and trusted experts oversee each step from quarry to capsule.
Kaolinite, a mineral packed with silicate layers, plays a bigger role in the pharmaceutical world than most realize. In my time around lab professionals and production teams, talk about raw materials always circles back to purity—and for good reason. Clean, predictable materials lead to safer, more effective medicines.
Pharmaceutical companies often source kaolinite meeting BP (British Pharmacopoeia), EP (European Pharmacopoeia), and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) standards. These guidelines spell out exactly what analysts and regulators look for. It isn’t just about the chemical makeup; trace metals, microbial content, and even how the powder feels between your fingers all play a role.
To give a sense of real-world numbers, pharma grade kaolinite usually holds at least 95% pure hydrated aluminum silicate (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) by weight. That means the powder you see in the lab or factory matches what those tight pharmacopoeial monographs demand day in and day out.
Sorting out if a kaolinite batch works for drug formulations goes beyond reading a spec sheet. Manufacturers run tests checking for barium, iron, arsenic, lead, and heavy metals like mercury. BP, EP, and USP standards cap these at extremely low levels—often parts per million or even lower. I’ve seen labs reject entire shipments for heavy metal traces above 10 ppm, even if they looked pristine on visual inspection.
Microbial purity gets just as much attention. The latest monographs demand low total aerobic microbial counts (TAMC), generally under 1000 CFU/g, and almost no detectable pathogens. This kind of cleanliness keeps medications—especially topical and oral suspensions—as safe as possible.
Purity means more than just what’s on a molecular level. Kaolinite’s color tells a story—pharma-grade samples stay white to off-white, avoiding yellow or grayish casts that suggest contamination. Finer particle sizes work best for mixing and performance, with most suppliers offering powders that pass a 45-micron sieve. That fine texture helps mix into creams and liquids without clumps—a practical necessity, especially from my own experience compounding ointments behind the counter.
Mistakes with raw materials rarely turn up right away. Rigorous identity and purity checks serve as the backstop. Routine X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy confirm it is kaolinite, not some lookalike. Loss on ignition tests set limits for moisture and organic matter, keeping things predictable in formulation. Kaolinite with total loss below 14% w/w stays within spec. If a batch slips above, every downstream formulation can run into trouble—gel texture will change, creams might separate, tablets may fall apart.
Getting the right kaolinite to patients takes teamwork. Raw material auditing, strong supplier relationships, and transparency always come up in meetings with regulatory teams. Manufacturing partners open their books for third-party audits, and the best suppliers provide consistency batch after batch. By refusing to cut corners, everyone in the chain protects patients—and keeps recalls off the front page.
In a world where so much depends on what goes into a tablet or cream, kaolinite’s specifications remind us no detail is too small to matter.
Anyone handling pharmaceutical-grade kaolinite understands that careless storage can quickly turn a top-tier material into a liability. In pharmaceutical applications, impurities and variations create risks for patient safety and product quality. I’ve seen experienced practitioners in the industry face real setbacks, like having to discard expensive batches simply due to moisture exposure. Protecting kaolinite means protecting both workflow and reputation.
Kaolinite acts as a sponge. It absorbs moisture from its surroundings, and humid storage areas wreck its consistency. Moisture not only leads to clumping but also can start chemical degradation. This matters in pharmaceuticals much more than in ceramics—you’re talking about adding a material straight to pills, suspensions, and topical agents. Keeping the stuff in a dry area—ideally, under 60% relative humidity—stops most problems before they start. Anhydrous conditions aren’t just some technical detail: they protect active pharmaceutical ingredients from creeping water content or the microbial growth that follows.
I've watched warehouses with unregulated climate set off a cascade of problems. Fluctuating temperatures—especially in places that cycle from cold to hot—cause tiny volume changes in packaging and induce condensation. Condensation is silent but deadly in pharmaceutical settings. So, a steady room temperature, usually between 15°C and 25°C, is more than a comfort guideline. It makes sure the material you use next month matches the specifications from day one.
Airborne dust and exposure to other raw materials in the same area create contamination risks. Cross-contamination might look like a minor detail, but in regulated environments, a single bad sample can hold up production, or worse, trigger a recall. Pharmaceuticals demand stricter discipline than most sectors. I remember a friend whose operation moved bulk kaolinite next to a powdered flavor product—they spent weeks running tests just to make sure nothing got swapped. Secure, sealed containers and a storage site away from volatile chemicals or organic dust make a real difference.
Good packaging does heavy lifting here. Strong, moisture-resistant bags, ideally lined with polyethylene or foil, help kaolinite stay dry during months of storage. Containers need secondary closures to prevent accidental spills. Some facilities even use color-coded barrels to reduce mix-ups. It pays to use packaging that resists tampering, rodents, and uninvited insects. Small upfront investments here save trouble and lost inventory down the line.
Rotating stock isn’t just for groceries. Pharmaceutical-grade kaolinite deserves the same first-in, first-out attention as active ingredients. Regularly inspect storage sites for leaks, dust buildup, and any breach of the packaging. Staff need to know why old or exposed kaolinite should be removed. Every time I see a team tighten up their inventory checks, complaints about clumping, yellowing, or lost batches drop.
Safe storage runs deeper than shelves and bags. It’s an attitude that respects both the science and the patient on the other end of the line. Training every staff member, explaining risks, and sticking to standard operating procedures invest in product quality just as much as lab work does. In my experience, the sites that treat storage with care rarely run into nasty surprises—and that peace of mind is something you can’t fake with last-minute fixes.
Kaolinite isn’t just some white clay pulled from the ground and thrown into pharmaceutical products. Pharmacopeia standards like BP (British Pharmacopoeia), EP (European Pharmacopoeia), and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) demand a level of purity and safety that far exceeds what you’d find in other grades. If you’re in the business of putting anything into a patient’s body, every chemical and mineral matters—from contaminants down to trace elements.
Plenty of suppliers use the term “pharma grade,” but only documented proof counts. Certificates of Analysis, audit trails, and compliance reports should back up every claim. If Kaolinite really hits BP, EP, or USP marks, it must meet strict limits for heavy metals, microbial presence, and physical impurities. Fine-grained powder alone won’t cut it. Labs run infrared spectroscopy and loss-on-ignition tests. Toxicology screens for arsenic, lead, and cadmium set the baseline.
I once spent two days testing a batch of so-called “pharma grade” minerals for a contract manufacturer. Much of it had the right paperwork, but a tablet compression test came out all wrong. Turns out, iron content overshot the limits laid down in the monographs by 40%. The spreadsheets didn’t lie—even high-tech facilities make mistakes. Skip or skimp on the tests, someone could pay the price in a recall or worse, in court.
BP, EP, and USP all put their full content requirements online, year after year. For a mineral like kaolinite, these include particle size, pH in suspension, and even color. Anything out of range means you don’t make pharmaceuticals, you risk health. For example, USP specifies a maximum for soluble salts and sharpens its lens on bacteria counts. The 2024 USP Kaolin monograph also restricts radioactivity. No responsible player ignores these details. Real compliance depends on routine re-testing and third-party inspections.
If a supplier can’t actually show current compliance tests from a GMP-accredited lab, it’s like driving with the check engine light on—maybe nothing goes wrong, but if something does, consequences balloon. The more often I see clean third-party audits, the more faith I have that a supplier knows the stakes. This isn’t bureaucracy for the sake of it; unsafe kaolinite could introduce toxins, provoke allergic responses, or stagnate in the body in unexpected ways.
Pharmaceutical quality proves itself in the details. Don’t just take a salesperson’s word. Ask for a current Certificate of Analysis. Track the batch number and compare that to pharmacopeia updates released twice a year. Push for traceability not just for kaolinite, but also for anything that might contact it—processing equipment, packaging, storage containers. It helps to keep communication open with regulators and set up periodic product recalls as simulation drills, not disasters. And if your lab spots a compliance drift, log it immediately. Waiting to see if it’ll just pass next time only sharpens the risk.
The pharma world doesn’t let things slide just because a label says “BP Compliant.” Only proof, onsite audits, and strict testing routines answer the real question: is your kaolinite truly safe to use? If you can’t show it, you don’t know it. For everyone down the chain—chemist, regulator, or patient—it pays to treat the standards as the floor, not the ceiling.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Dihydroxyoctadecasilicate tetraaluminium nonaoxyhydrate |
| Other names |
Kaolin China clay Aluminum silicate hydroxide |
| Pronunciation | /keɪˈɒlɪˌnaɪt biː piː iː piː juː ɛs piː ˈfɑːrmə ˈɡreɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 1332-58-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 13607 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:14041 |
| ChEMBL | CHEBI:14076 |
| ChemSpider | 171410 |
| DrugBank | DB01580 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.013.778 |
| EC Number | 310-194-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | Gmelin Reference: 130927 |
| KEGG | C08098 |
| MeSH | D014026 |
| PubChem CID | 56842016 |
| RTECS number | XR7175000 |
| UNII | FSS86S319Y |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 |
| Molar mass | 258.16 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 2.6 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble in water |
| log P | 0.00 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.5–5.5 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 7 (pKb) |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -1.6 × 10^-7 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.56 |
| Dipole moment | 5.51 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 91.2 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -4094 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -393.5 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A07BC01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS labelling: Not classified as hazardous according to GHS. |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS08 |
| Hazard statements | Not a hazardous substance or mixture according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) |
| Precautionary statements | Keep container tightly closed. Avoid breathing dust. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | NFPA 704: 0-0-0 |
| LD50 (median dose) | Oral rat LD50 > 5000 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | MG0875000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 15 mg/m3 (total dust) ; 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) |
| REL (Recommended) | Pharmaceutical preparations |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not Listed |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Kaolinite Kaolin Aluminum silicate Hydrated aluminum silicate China clay Pharmaceutical grade clay |
Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
