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Valine first caught scientific attention over a century ago, after German chemist Emil Fischer split apart casein and named the new amino acid “Valin.” From there, its role moved from obscure lab curiosity to a recognized essential amino acid in human nutrition. The need for high-purity valine rose as medical science learned more about protein metabolism and genetic diseases, with applications emerging in clinical nutrition, especially for patients with compromised protein intake or metabolic errors. Growing pharmaceutical manufacturing in the mid-20th century demanded stricter standards and brought forth the compendial grades BP, EP, and USP, ensuring a global understanding of what qualifies for safe use in humans. Each standard demanded rigorous evaluation—purity, absence of contaminants, and trustworthy identification methods. With valine’s pharmaceutical application expanding, especially in parenteral nutrition and as a key ingredient in amino acid infusions, the demand for batches that meet pharmacopoeial standards became a linchpin of responsible production.
Valine stands among the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), along with leucine and isoleucine. These aren’t optional nutrients. The body cannot make them. People rely on diet or supplementation for enough intake. Pharmaceutical-grade valine must meet exacting tolerances set by BP, EP, and USP monographs. Manufacturers invest heavily in purification and analytical tools to meet these benchmarks. Sourcing raw materials, often by fermentation using selected bacterial strains, pivots on reliability and biosecurity. Finished valine comes as a fine, white crystalline powder. Companies repeatedly check integrity, seeking out even tiny contamination that could threaten patient safety or alter efficacy in prescribed blends. In several protein supplements and intravenous mixtures, doctors, dietitians, and pharmacists trust pharma-grade valine to deliver nutrients with certainty in every dose. The pharmaceutical community values this certainty when patient health depends on present, pure, and reliably dosed amino acids.
Pure valine arrives as a white, almost odorless crystalline compound, stable in most packaging environments, provided humidity remains controlled. Its molecular formula—C5H11NO2—reveals a structure comprising an amino group, carboxyl group, and a characteristic isopropyl side chain. Valine’s melting point hovers around 315ºC, higher than most pharmaceutical excipients. Solubility poses some challenge in cold water, with moderate improvement as temperature increases. Handling the powder in bulk calls for precise environmental management, since moisture can lead to caking or, in worst cases, hydrolytic breakdown. Chemically, its chiral center gives rise to distinct enantiomers, but biological systems utilize only the L-form. Most pharma production uses precise isomeric controls to weed out unwanted D-valine. Direct sunlight or elevated storage temperatures do little to degrade the compound, but packaging must block contamination and accidental introduction of migratory substances from plastics or cardboard. Each step from synthesis to delivery remains regulated and scrutinized.
Each consignment of pharmaceutical-grade valine leaves the plant with batch records thicker than some textbooks. Documentation includes purity evaluation (more than 98% by HPLC or titration), moisture content checks, and absence of heavy metals, microbial contaminants, or chemical byproducts. Labels on containers feature not only the chemical designation (L-Valine, or 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid) but also pharmacopoeia references—BP, EP, and USP—alongside batch number, storage instructions, net weight, expiration date, and supplier address. Allergen statements, residual solvent data, and intended pharmaceutical end-use often appear on the Certificate of Analysis for downstream compliance checks. Finished product batches undergo further verification against pharmacopoeial chapters to verify UV absorption spectra, specific optical rotation, and sometimes even advanced isotopic fingerprinting to ensure authenticity and traceability.
Modern valine production leans hard on industrial biotechnology. Old-school acid hydrolysis of proteins once provided tiny amounts but never met modern demand. Fermentation now leads the pack—engineers mobilizing genetically optimized Corynebacterium or Escherichia coli strains grown in nutrient broths rich in sugar sources. These organisms churn out valine in extracellular space or as secreted product, simplified by genetic tweaks that curb byproduct formation. After fermentation, process operators concentrate the broth, use filtration to isolate solids, and rely on multi-step crystallization or ionic exchange to separate valine from other amino acids and breakdown products. Drying takes place under low heat, sometimes under vacuum, to limit racemization or thermal degradation. Each step, whether upstream (fermentation) or downstream (recovery, purification), deals with thousands of process control points. Successful manufacturers sometimes guard their innovations carefully—you won’t find many offering tours of their biotech facilities.
Valine’s chemical backbone allows it to form peptide bonds, enabling its core contribution to protein synthesis. In chemical research, functionalization of the amino or carboxyl group allows for synthesis of derivatives—esters, amides, and protected forms such as Boc-Valine or Fmoc-Valine, used widely in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Stereochemistry remains paramount for pharmaceutical work; improper control may generate the inactive D-form, which biological systems cannot process effectively. Valine endures amid moderate acid and base, making it a steady choice for pharma and nutrition blends, but oxidizing agents generate degradation. Modification also opens use in analytical methods, such as isotope-labeled valine, helping researchers track metabolic fates in vivo. Certain enzymes, like transaminases, specifically transform valine in the body, underscoring its biochemical role and the deeper value of high-purity material for in vitro or clinical study.
Across different contexts, valine pops up under various labels: L-Valine, DL-Valine, (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, and its registry number, whether in catalogs or international chemical inventories. Some nutraceutical and pharma houses market it under brand names for intravenous nutrition packs or amino acid supplements, but the core ingredient nearly always appears in formulations as L-Valine, the bioactive isomer. Distinctions between food-grade, feed-grade, and pharma-grade get drawn sharply across industries, with regulatory agencies scrutinizing every label and identifier in the paperwork trail that accompanies each barrel or drum from the factory floor to end user.
Facility managers trust in strict protocols to keep each kilo of valine compliant and safe. Personal protective gear shields workers from direct skin or respiratory exposure to powders, cutting down on skin irritation risks or unwelcome inhalation. Finished valine batches get stored in clean, dry environments, where strict temperature and humidity controls prevent clumping and microbial growth. Cleaning and sterilization of production equipment blocks cross-contamination with other amino acids or pharmaceuticals. Regular audits and staff training keep hygiene at the forefront, and traceability means any errant batch can be identified and withdrawn before reaching pharmacies or hospitals. Regulatory oversight by national and international bodies (such as FDA, EMA, and WHO) raises the standard for producers—on-site inspections look for slip-ups not only in documentation but in air and water quality, cleaning records, packaging protocols, and staff certification.
Doctors prescribe valine-including solutions for a range of needs. For critically ill patients relying on parenteral nutrition, valine ensures adequate protein building blocks flow into their system, forestalling muscle atrophy and improving nitrogen balance. In rare genetic conditions—like maple syrup urine disease—valine intake must be balanced with medical precision. Athletes, burn victims, and surgical patients sometimes benefit from medical amino acid blends where dosing must consider calorie needs, wound healing, and even psychological recovery. Beyond medicine, animal health fields use high-purity valine for research into metabolic regulation in livestock, and labs surveying amino acid balance for biopharmaceutical fermentation depend on pharma-grade reference standards for analytical calibration. A growing body of research even examines how specific amino acid profiles influence cancer patients’ outcomes, placing valine under ever-closer investigation.
Scientists keep pushing valine’s boundaries in both clinical and industrial research. New delivery formats—High-concentration injectable forms, micro- or nano-encapsulated powders for targeted delivery, or chemically modified valine analogs—pop up every few years. Bench chemists and process engineers dive into optimizing fermentation yields, pushing metabolic pathways toward higher productivity while lowering byproduct climbs. Life sciences researchers study how valine restriction or supplementation may modify disease progression in cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Recent genetic studies in rare inborn errors of metabolism show that subtle shifts in valine metabolism spark outsized effects on overall health. Pharma-grade valine also serves as a precursor in synthetic pathways for peptide drugs and vaccines, meaning that progress in quality, tracking, and cost reductions for producers translates directly into smoother, faster, and less expensive new drug development.
Valine proves remarkably safe when used at therapeutic doses. Still, deliberate research examines edge cases and potential toxicity. In animal models, extremely high doses can throw off amino acid balance, stressing the kidneys and liver, and prompting neurological effects. Chronic over-supplementation may cause competitive inhibition of other amino acid transporters, such as those for isoleucine and leucine, altering biological pathways in ways not yet fully mapped. In the clinical sphere, adverse reactions rarely emerge except in patients who metabolize amino acids abnormally. Food and drug safety agencies around the world keep a close eye on updated research, regularly consulting new toxicological, metabolic, and epidemiological studies. This vigilance helps reassure everyone—patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals—that using valine from trusted sources carries little risk outside already-identified contraindications.
Valine doesn’t sit still in research pipelines. As personalized nutrition and medicine deepen, there’s room for products that tailor valine delivery based on genetic need, clinical state, or age profile. Advances in synthetic biology hint at more sustainable, even carbon-negative production routes. Drug makers explore site-specific valine modifications to fine-tune peptide- and protein-drug stability, half-life, and receptor targeting. Clinical protocols may refine valine doses, especially for vulnerable populations—infants, elderly, cancer patients—where subtle shifts in plasma amino acid levels may significantly affect muscle function or healing rates. Environmental and economic pressures mount, pressing the industry to rationalize water and energy use in fermentation facilities. Pharma companies that crack improved production and documentation gain not just efficiency, but more trust in a world demanding transparency, safety, and rapid access to tried-and-true compounds like valine.
Valine isn’t a household name like Vitamin C, yet it plays a key role in medicine. It belongs to the branched-chain amino acids, right there with leucine and isoleucine. The body uses valine to build tissue, support growth, and restore muscles after stress or illness. Medical treatments focus on forms of valine that guarantee purity and safety. That’s where BP (British Pharmacopoeia), EP (European Pharmacopoeia), and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) grades come into play. These indicate strict safety and quality standards so patients aren’t exposed to anything that shouldn’t be in their medication.
Walk through a hospital pharmacy, and you’ll spot complex nutrition solutions for patients who can't eat the typical way. Valine shows up in parenteral nutrition—those IV bags delivering essential nutrients when digestion is off the table. It gives patients a piece of what they need to heal, especially after trauma, major surgery, or severe illness.
Pharmaceutical companies depend on these pharma-grade standards because even tiny contaminants can put a vulnerable patient at risk. If an amino acid supplement isn’t pure, impurities could cause allergic reactions, organ problems, or just prevent the body from using the valine. I’ve met pharmacists who insist on BP/EP/USP-grade ingredients for this reason—trust and wellbeing are on the line every single dose.
Valine BP EP USP doesn’t just stay inside IV bags. Some medications aim to treat rare genetic disorders where the body struggles with amino acid metabolism. In disorders such as Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD), specific formulas with balanced amino acids are a lifeline. Pharma-grade valine gives doctors the power to fine-tune these formulas so they’re safe for daily use. It shows up in medical food products and special oral formulas, often prescribed dietitian-to-patient.
Sports medicine also pays attention. While mainstream fitness supplements often skirt strict standards, serious hospitals treating trauma and burns turn to medical-grade valine. In recovery units, patients need building blocks for tissue repair, and high-purity amino acids re-enter the conversation. The difference in quality between pharma grade and the less regulated supplement market lies in the testing and oversight—hospitals simply can’t gamble with their patients’ health.
Some might wonder if the extra cost with pharma grade ever pays off, especially if supplement aisles overflow with cheaper options. My work with clinical research reminds me: medication recalls almost always start with contamination or batch problems, not innovation. Regulatory testing on pharma-grade valine weeds out impurities and verifies ingredient levels, which lowers the chance of harmful surprises.
Valine BP EP USP doesn’t just mean “cleaner” or “stronger.” It means every gram in a critical care solution acts as expected, every single time. Patients relying on IV drips, or infants with genetic disorders, can’t afford guesswork. Quality keeps their treatment safe and effective, making regulation and traceability just as important as the science itself.
The pressure to cut healthcare costs sometimes clashes with the need for rigorous standards. Experience shows that lapses in quality protection eventually cost more—through patient complications, recalls, or worse. Moving forward, regulators, manufacturers, and clinics will have to keep working together. Investing in reliable pharma-grade ingredients like valine keeps the system trustworthy, protecting the people who need that trust the most.
Pharmaceutical-grade Valine carries a different weight compared to technical or food grades. We’re talking about an amino acid used directly in the production of drugs, parenteral nutrition solutions, and baby formulas. Contamination is more than an inconvenience here—it’s a matter of health. Pharmacopeias like BP (British Pharmacopoeia), EP (European Pharmacopoeia), and USP (United States Pharmacopeia) set strict benchmarks not as a bureaucratic exercise, but to reduce medical risks and guarantee the amino acid actually does its job once inside the human body.
For Valine, high-purity grades turn up in specifications like “≥99.0%” on the assay, with only trace amounts permitted for impurities and moisture. BP, EP, and USP will outline slight variations, yet they echo one another on keeping residues in check. Heavy metals usually fall under 10 parts per million, and loss on drying, which basically tells you how much water love the material shows, must stay below set low percentages. Specific optical rotation, a test the older pharmacists still remember from their student days, assures the Valine is the right type—no offbeat isomers sneaking in that could throw a drug’s performance.
Imagine stacking vials of Valine for IV solutions in a hospital. If one drum’s content sneaks over the limits for lead, arsenic, or microbial load, the consequences don’t just echo in a sales report—they could show up as patient complications. Manufacturers depend on regular batch analysis to flag these outliers before anything heads out the door.
Paper specs don’t stand up to the real test alone. Actual production sites run High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and titration checks every batch. In my past work inside a pharma plant, a single mistake on Valine supply could freeze production lines for days. Lysine and Valine blends for parenteral diets had to show almost no bacterial contamination—less than 100 CFU per gram for total count, even stricter for dangerous bacteria like Salmonella or E. coli. Microbial load sometimes caused full recalls, costing millions and eroding trust faster than any single regulatory document ever could.
BP, EP, and USP each reflect local regulatory histories and market priorities. For example, a BP-certified Valine batch might squeeze out slightly lower levels of an impurity like chloride compared to USP’s limit, while EP keeps an eye on sulfate. Despite the small differences, anyone serious about global production follows the strictest value just to avoid future regulatory headaches.
Slipping up on purification triggers issues. Most pharma manufacturers now invest in closed-system production, risk-based auditing for raw material sources, and digital tracking for every single lot of Valine that enters their supply chain. Technology plays a role here; rapid microbiology systems slash waiting times on quality release from days to hours. Concrete training and a culture that calls out shortcuts make as much difference as any stainless steel tank.
Weather, supplier reliability, and plant hygiene can all cut into purity if they get overlooked. So teams double-check by running routine impurity profiles and water-content analysis, not just when inspections come around. This hands-on vigilance matters more than any slogan about “quality culture” dreamed up by a marketing team.
Valine’s journey from synthesis to a final vial on a hospital shelf travels across dozens of steps where any slip can spoil the lot. Sticking to the most demanding BP, EP, or USP numbers keeps everybody just a bit safer—patients, pharmacists, and the teams sweating behind the scenes.
Every label tells a story. Seeing BP, EP, or USP next to an ingredient speaks volumes. These marks signal that the product matches official standards from British, European, and US pharmacopeias. Anyone involved in drug production watches these letters closely. They mean checks have been done—purity, identity, strength, contaminants. For the person popping a pill or taking an injection, it’s about trust. For the manufacturer, it's the difference between a safe product and a lawsuit. Valine carrying these certifications promises a tight ship on safety.
Out here, drugs save lives or ruin them. I’ve seen recalls traced to a single poorly sourced ingredient, and the fallout doesn’t end with lost money. It hits patient trust, drives regulatory crackdowns, and stalls innovations on new medicines. Valine graded for pharma isn’t walking the same path as nutrition or food grade stuff. The pharma badge demands a kind of scrutiny you don’t find at the supermarket.
Let’s dig in with a simple fact: patients with metabolic disorders or those on parenteral nutrition rely on amino acids that won’t throw off their fragile systems. If impurities sneak in, the risks get real fast—sepsis, allergic reactions, organ problems. History remembers contaminated batches. Regulators don’t forget.
To qualify for BP, EP, or USP, Valine batches go under the microscope—literal and chemical. The standards cut out heavy metals, dust, bacteria, volatile chemicals. Look at the monographs: they demand tight limits. A proper batch lists nothing but what’s supposed to be there.
My background in laboratory settings has shown me how tiny shortfalls in testing lead to exposures nobody wants. Batches destined for pills or injectables need to pass audit trails you can track. If you’re checking quality, you check the sources, trace the supply chain, see the paperwork, and send samples off to third-party labs. One mistake can close a factory.
Cutting a corner on something like pharma grade raw material isn’t just asking for trouble, it usually finds it. Consider companies caught mixing in feed-grade or food-grade material to save a buck. Regulators spot it, pull products off shelves, and public trust nosedives. The investment in BP, EP, or USP certification isn’t about a stamp for a brochure. It’s about passing the scrutiny of site inspections, market surveillance, and—most importantly—protecting patients who often have no plan B.
Companies don’t operate in a vacuum. Doctors, pharmacists, and regulators ask questions. Distributors verify documentation. If there’s ever a recall, the trail always follows back to each link in the chain. Solutions lie in transparency. Share testing data. Audit suppliers using on-the-ground experts, not just paperwork. Open the doors to regular inspections and keep skills sharp among lab workers who do the testing. Automation helps, but real human vigilance finds what code sometimes misses.
Choosing Valine marked BP EP USP isn’t just ticking a box. It’s staking reputation on quality and making real safety the everyday standard. That’s something everyone from manufacturers to patients can stand behind.
Pharmaceutical-grade Valine isn’t just another ingredient on a shelf. This amino acid finds itself in everything from IV solutions to specialized supplements, and the strict standards it follows start long before a lab tech even opens a drum. Mishandled packaging leads not only to product loss but to serious risks for patients who depend on consistent quality. Good packaging forms the last barrier between a pure chemical and exposure to moisture, contamination, and mistakes that cost money and trust.
Bags are the go-to for lower weight needs. Most suppliers offer Valine in double-layered polyethylene or laminated aluminum bags. Polythene offers a solid defense against moisture, and aluminum adds a critical block against light and oxygen. Typically, these bags handle one or five kilograms, enough for pilot production or compounding pharmacies. Bigger operations or distributors step up to fiber drums or high-density polyethylene drums, which usually come in 25 or 50 kg sizes.
Fiber drums have held their place in the pharma industry for years because they keep powder compact, cut down on breakage, and can be fitted with tamper-evident seals. Plastic drums weigh less and stand up to tough handling during transit. Stainless steel containers get used for special orders or for bulk storage where nothing less than absolute chemical stability is acceptable.
Pharma suppliers know that plain boxes won’t cut it in regulated industries. Packaging must keep out not just dirt and moisture, but also stray odors and airborne particles. Valine’s BP, EP, and USP grades all require certification at every point from production to delivery, so each package goes through checks with batch tracking, clear expiry dating, and full compliance with GMP guidelines.
Every container should seal up tight and open easily in a cleanroom. Polywoven outer bags give strength, and inner linings of LDPE preserve freshness. Sometimes oxygen absorbers or desiccant pouches ride along for added insurance. One quality mistake can set off regulatory alarms and force recalls, which puts huge pressure on packaging teams to get things right the first time.
Shipping to multiple climates also creates headaches. A fiber drum in a humid port can easily soak up water and ruin the contents. Plastic can sweat in containers under the sun, leading to sticky powder and caking. Small leaks go unnoticed until a shipment lands in a pharmacy, and fixing these issues afterward costs much more than smart up-front design.
Counterfeit products slip into the market surprisingly often, so secure tamper-evidence systems really matter. Printed serials that link directly to batch records help trace any quality questions. Suppliers who skip over these details face a loss of reputation fast, and trust takes years to repair.
It’s not just about the drum—it’s about the entire system. Temperature sensors, RFID tags, and QR-based traceability systems have started to show up with high-value shipments. These help pharmacists confirm authenticity, and manufacturers spot breaks in their supply chain faster than ever before. Some firms push for fully biodegradable packaging that doesn’t compromise shelf life or purity—an answer for hospitals looking to cut plastic waste.
Safe, clear packaging isn’t a luxury for pharma-grade Valine; it’s essential for lives depending on the right dose, every time. The work doesn’t stop at shipping, either—getting operators to check seals, store containers in dry, cool rooms, and follow GMP rules helps keep every batch up to standard from factory floor to patient care.
In the pharmaceutical world, even small details can decide whether a batch hits the mark or ends up as costly waste. Valine BP EP USP Pharma Grade does not get a pass on this. It is a vital amino acid—one of three branched-chain amino acids—that sees extensive use not just in research, but in treatments that directly impact health. Once, I watched a near-perfect stockroom lose tens of thousands of dollars’ worth of API because someone ignored a simple humidity rule. That memory stuck with me.
I’ve stood in cramped warehouse corners and felt the air hang heavy. That moisture creeping up might not look threatening at first, but it’s exactly what drives Valine into breakdown. Pharma-grade Valine expects cool and dry surroundings. Keep it below 25°C at all times; a range of 15-25°C works best. This isn’t just convenience—moisture leads to clumping, which means trouble during dispensing, and worse—possible compromise in the end product everyone trusts. A dry, well-ventilated space limits these dangers before they have a chance to start.
It’s tempting to grab any spare container when shelves get crowded. Pharmaceutical experience says otherwise. High-density polyethylene and glass strike the best balance. They protect Valine from air, water vapor, and accidental spills. Tightly sealed, original packaging keeps the substance clean and stable. Improvised jars or loosely capped bottles invite risk, and risk means more time spent troubleshooting or, sometimes, investigating an avoidable recall.
Valine usually arrives in its own marked container. That clear separation is no accident. In facilities where I’ve worked, a stray scoop or a shared funnel created expensive cross-contamination incidents. A strict routine stops mix-ups. Only use dedicated tools and label everything clearly. These aren’t just good manners—they’re a trust shield for everyone downstream: scientists, patients, and regulators all rely on accuracy at every step.
Stacking drums away from windows isn’t about warehouse aesthetics. Direct sunlight, or even harsh fluorescent light, chips away at purity over weeks or months. Keeping Valine tucked in shaded racks, or better yet in opaque casing, ensures its shelf life stretches out as far as the label suggests. The science is straightforward: less light means less breakdown.
Few pharmaceutical errors anger both regulators and staff like lazy storage. Mistakes with Valine can bring a chain reaction of costly chemical rework, failed assurances, even batch recalls. It’s not just money lost; it’s trust burned in relationships between suppliers, pharmacists, and patients. Following careful storage habits reflects more than box-ticking. It shows pride in quality, a willingness to protect everyone further down the line, and a real respect for the science we depend on every day.
In every operation I’ve joined, simple fixes brought the greatest results. Investing in small things—dehumidifiers, temperature logs, purpose-built containers—and backing that up with training turned loose procedures into reliable routines. The best storage practices come from people who see the big picture, not just the next scheduled inspection. Thinking ahead pays off for everyone—on the floor, in the lab, and at the bedside.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid |
| Other names |
L-Valine Val 2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid Pharmaceutical grade Valine |
| Pronunciation | /ˈvæl.iːn biː piː iː piː juː ɛs piː ˈfɑː.mə ɡreɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 72-18-4 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D model (JSmol)` string for **Valine (C5H11NO2)**: ``` C[C@H](CC(=O)O)N ``` This is the SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) **string** representation for the 3D model of **Valine**. |
| Beilstein Reference | 17152 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16414 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL: CHEMBL978 |
| ChemSpider | 5282308 |
| DrugBank | DB00156 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 04e4985d-c26b-4ae8-9e37-026fc2c8bc09 |
| EC Number | 201-209-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 10709 |
| KEGG | C00183 |
| MeSH | D010583 |
| PubChem CID | 6287 |
| RTECS number | YR8400000 |
| UNII | 6U8STK5576 |
| UN number | 2811 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID4022015 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C5H11NO2 |
| Molar mass | 117.15 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Odor | Characteristic |
| Density | 0.59 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | 8.6 g/L (20°C) |
| log P | -2.61 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.0 Pa (at 25 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 2.32 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 2.3 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -4.6 × 10⁻⁶ |
| Dipole moment | 1.12 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 165.2 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -726.4 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | −2220 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A11AA03 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | May cause respiratory and skin irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08, Warning |
| Pictograms | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary statements: P261, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-0-0 |
| LD50 (median dose) | 7300 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | Not Listed |
| PEL (Permissible) | 10 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 10–100 mg |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Leucine Isoleucine Alanine Threonine Methionine |
Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
